The first
humans arrived in North America during the
last Ice Age, between 20 and 40 thousand years ago. They came from Asia,
crossing an ancient land or ice bridge over a straight of the Bering Sea onto Alaska. Over the
centuries the level of the ocean rose and the land was buried under water. The
people were left in isolation from the rest of the world.
Their
descendants spread gradually over North and South America,
developing different ways life, cultures, languages and physical
characteristics. By the time Europeans arrived in North
America, many Native Americans had become skilled farmers and
built rich and complex civilizations. The most highly developed ones were the
Incas in South America, the Mayas and the Aztecs in Mexico. All the three had
sophisticated agricultural techniques, skilled artisans, imposing cities,
elaborate religious systems and celebrations.
North of
Mexico most people lived in wandering tribes, leading a simple life. North
American Indians were mostly hunters and gatherers of wild food. The most
advanced and the largest group of Native Americans, living in the southwest,
were the Pueblos.
They were peaceful people who lived in multi-storied houses made of straw and
mud bricks. They grew corn and other crops. Another group of Native Americans
were the Iroquois in present-day New
York State.
That nation, one of the strongest in North America,
was a league of several tribes. The Iroquois were excellent warriors and
farmers.
The peoples
in America
had found their own ways of progress, different from those of Europeans. They
had never invented the wheel, had no iron tools. Unlike the peoples of Europe, they had not built ships to cross the oceans.
Europeans
made voyages overseas. They discovered new continents and explored them.
Vikings were probably the first Europeans to reach America. Around the year of 1000
Leif Ericsson reached the coast of the continent. However, the Vikings were
unable to establish a settlement there and their influence was soon forgotten.
Overseas
voyages were resumed at the time of the Renaissance. In the 15-th century
Europe traded with countries of East Indies
for highly prized items like fine jewels, silks, ceramics and spices,
especially pepper. The overland trade route to the East was long and dangerous.
Some of it lay through Muslim countries that were often at war with European
nations. Leaders of Portugal
and Spain
wanted a safe, direct sea way to the East. Besides, they had religious reasons
for exploration. For centuries Christians and Muslims had fought in Europe,
Africa and Asia. Europeans wanted to spread
Christianity to other parts of the world.
In the
15-th century most Europeans knew three continents – Europe, Africa and Asia. These continents, they believed, formed a big
island. They knew that the world was round. So, it seemed natural to sea
captains that they could reach the Indies by
sailing west. The most daring ones decided to find the North-West Passage to India. In 1492
King and Queen of Spain financed such an expedition to the east. It was led by Christopher
Columbus, an Italian sailor. The voyage started in August on three ships – the
Pinta, the Nina and the Santa Maria.
On October 12 the sailors saw the land. It was an island in the Bahamas, which Columbus
named San Salvador.
He thought that the island was close to China
and Japan.
Columbus made
four voyages to those lands, but till his death in 1506 he did not know that he
had discovered a new continent. It was Amerigo Vespucci, another Italian, who
realized that the land was not India
but a new continent, which he called the New World.
The first maps with the name "America”
were printed in Europe in 1507.
Four
European nations competed in the overseas expansion: Spain,
France, Holland
and England.
They raced to establish colonies in the New World,
hoping to find gold and raw materials, to expand territories and political
influence.
Spanish America was the most important colonial possession. In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon
landed in Florida, becoming the first European
to set foot on what is now the USA.
Between 1519 and 1521 the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes conquered the
Aztec empire with a small army of 550 soldiers, 16 horses and 10 brass cannons.
From 1540 till 1542 Francisco Vasques de Coronado explored the area of
present-day Arizona, New
Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma and Kansas in
search of a mythical city of gold – El
Dorado. In 1565 Spanish built a fort at St. Augustine, Florida.
It was the first European settlement in what is now the USA. In 1609
the Spanish founded Santa Fe in what is now New Mexico. The Spanish
influence is still quite evident in the American Southwest and Florida.
The French
interest in the New World developed more
slowly. In 1524 an Italian sailor Giovanni de Verrazano tried to find the
North-West Passage to Asia, sailing under the
French flag. His ship moved along the Atlantic coast from what is now North Carolina to New York Bay.
Verrazano discovered Block Island, anchored at Newport Harbor
and went further to the north. His expedition failed to find a water route to India, but his
explorations gave the French their first claims to new lands overseas. Ten
years later Jacques Cartier sailed to the New World
in search of the North-West Passage. He explored the St.
Lawrence River and tried to build a colony. Though it was not a
success, Cartier helped strengthen French claims to what is now Canada. There
the French developed an economy based primarily on the fur trade, which
required close cooperation with Native Americans. With their help the French
explored the heart of the continent and reached the mouth of the Mississippi River. Robert La Salle claimed all the land
from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico for
the French king Louis the 14-th. The territory was named Louisiana. France
now had the largest colonial empire in North America.
The first
Dutch expeditions to the New World were also
aimed at finding the North-West Passage. In 1609 the Dutch sent an Englishman,
Henry Hudson, to find a westward sea route to the East. He explored a river and
a large Canadian bay, which were named after him, but failed to find the
Passage. In 1623 the Dutch settled at Manhattan.
In1626 they bought the island from several Indian chiefs and named their
settlement New Amsterdam. In1664 the colony
was captured by the British fleet under the Duke of York.